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The length of time that an herbicide is effective is known as its residual. Herbicides with long-ranging effectiveness that are applied after planting but before crop (and weed) emergence are called residual herbicides, referring to their longevity.
With weed resistance on the rise, residual herbicide usage is taking on increased importance. Using residual herbicides with several Modes of Action (MOAs) can increase the probability of acceptable weed control by giving the crop a longer time to emerge and reducing resistance pressure on post-emergence herbicides.
Residual herbicides can be especially important in fields that already have herbicide-resistant weeds. These residual herbicides are selective, meaning they control certain weed species while leaving the crop being grown unharmed. They should be applied before weeds emerge.
RELATED: 7 Ways U.S. Farmers Can Proactively Delay Herbicide Weed Resistance
Residual herbicides control weeds by root, shoot, and seed absorption, and persistence varies between products. With this in mind, selecting the correct herbicide to match the target weed’s emergence pattern is important.
It is often necessary to apply an additional residual herbicide at post emergence, such as glyphosate or atrazine, to adequately control certain weed species that have an extended germination period.
You should also consider replant options and rotational restrictions when selecting a residual herbicide.
Replant options generally come into play following a weather event that destroys the existing crop. Rotational restrictions refer to future plantings or planned crops to be grown.
Make sure that the residual herbicide you choose meets your future plans for the land where you plan to use the herbicide. You can view hundreds of detailed herbicide labels here.
When planning your weed control program, start by thinking about how you can apply a herbicide that will provide good weed control for the entire growing season. But just how long will it remain effective?
A few complex variables can impact how long your residual herbicide will be active.
The residual activity of a herbicide is commonly referred to as its half life, which is defined as the time required to dissipate one half of the applied herbicide. A residual herbicide will have activity in the soil anywhere from days to years and is dependent on several factors including the current cropping system, soil type, soil pH, and environmental conditions.
For example, several herbicides have a half life that increases dramatically in drought years compared to wet years. The rotational crop response to each herbicide and crop species susceptibility to each herbicide can vary significantly.
A herbicide that lingers in the soil for an extended length of time (past the time you need it) could cause major problems in crop rotation plans — this is called “carryover.”
Every herbicide label has information concerning any carryover issues associated with it. Be sure you know the potential carryover of the herbicides you want to use when you’re developing your weed control program.
Soil adsorption — that’s adsorption, not absorption — occurs when the herbicide applied to the soil becomes chemically bound to solids and renders itself unavailable for plant uptake, as well as leaching and microbial degradation.
By definition, adsorption occurs when atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid adhere to a surface. This is important because, where crop production is concerned, soil type regulates soil adsorption. This means that your soil type can impact how plants get access to the chemicals you apply.
A few things to keep in mind about soil adsorption:
As organic matter and soil clay content of the soil increase, so does herbicide adsorption; this is due to the chemical reactivity and binding sites increasing in number.
Wet soils adsorb lower amounts of herbicides because water fills many of the binding sites.
As soil pH decreases, the soil has less positive charged particles to fill the binding sites which allows herbicide soil adsorption to increase.
Herbicides that are highly water soluble do not adsorb to the soil very well and can be subject to leaching.
Low organic matter and coarse textured soils boost the leaching probability.
Microbial degradation is the breakdown of herbicides by bacteria, algae, and fungi living in the soil.
These microbes use the herbicides as a food source and are herbicide specific, which means that the repeated use of a specific herbicide will likely result in shorter residual weed control due to a population buildup of the microbes that feed on that herbicide.
A few things to keep in mind about microbial degradation and herbicide breakdown:
Soils with higher organic matter favor microbe growth, while pH extremes hinder microbe activity.
Soil temperature and soil moisture also regulate microbe activity. Chemical decomposition of herbicides increases with warmer soil temperatures and as soil pH decreases.
Some herbicides decompose when exposed to sunlight, and will require immediate incorporation into the soil to prevent loss.
[READ NEXT: What's the Difference Between Branded vs. Generic Ag Chem?]
By observing and recording as much information as possible around your planned herbicide applications, you can make an educated guess at your residual herbicide efficiency.
The information you collect is also a valuable tool to estimate any herbicide carryover issues for the following year’s crop.
By following the detailed herbicide labels, which were developed after years of thorough testing and meeting government requirements, you will get the best performance from the herbicide used. Remember, the herbicide label is the law.
FBN has the diverse array of herbicides you need to proactively prepare against weed pressures and keep your operation running smoothly. With detailed product labels, transparent pricing, savings opportunities, and similar product references available for each product, FBN provides the information you need to make an informed decision on your herbicide strategy this season.
Here are a few popular U.S. herbicide products and potential product pairings as recommended or required based on each product label:
Atrazine 4L Value Pick* - Pairing with IN-Plant or In-Zorb 90 is suggested
2,4-D LV6 Value Pick - Pairing with Tether 24 is recommended by the label
Willowood Sulfen 4SC - Pairing with IN-Plant or IN-Plant ADV is recommended by the label
Willowood Paraquat 3SL* - Pairing with IN-Plant or In-Zorb 90 is required by the label
Willowood Clethodim 2EC - Pairing with IN-Plant or IN-Plant ADV is required by the label
Willowood OxyFlo 2EC - Pairing with IN-Plant is recommended by the label
Here are a few popular Canadian herbicide products and potential product pairings as recommended or required based on each product label:
Smoke 540* - Pairing with Falcon, Co-pilot or Sentry is recommended
Tribe 75 WDG - Pairing with Agral 90 or Sentry is required by the label
FBN Florasulam - Pairing with Agral 90 or Sentry is required by the label
Maxunitech Carfentrazone-ethyl 240 EC - Pairing with Agral 90 or Sentry is recommended by the label
FBN Glufosinate 150 SN - Pairing with Accu-spray is recommended
Elegant 10% EC - Pairing with Falcon, Merge or MSO is required by the label
FBN Quinclorac - Pairing with Merge or MSO is required by the label
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Paraquat and Atrazine are restricted use pesticides.
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